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For regular videos on ancient cultures and  forgotten civilizations, please subscribe., I ran across a talk by Graham Hancock, and in  his presentation, he made some interesting claims  , relating to flood stories from around the  world, and how they line up with a series  , of events that took place at the end of the last  ice age, some 12,000 years ago. If these stories  , do indeed go back to that time, that would be  a big discovery, and an amazing coincidence.  , I checked into his assertions to see if they are  based in fact, and what I found may surprise you., Welcome to the Myths of Ancient History  series, which looks at popular misinformation  , on YouTube and the internet. This time around,  we’re going to be looking at some statements made  , by Graham Hancock. Hancock, as you may know,  is an author of many books in the alternative  , ancient history niche. In fact, he is probably the  most successful of all those making a living from  , this subject. Over the years he has written so  many fascinating and controversial claims about  , ancient history that I most certainly  cannot address them all in one video.  , In this one, I am going to focus on a specific  set of claims he has made about a great deluge,  , which he believes occurred some 12,000 years ago,  and which he connects to the world’s flood myths.  , Let’s take a look at part of a public presentation  he gave, which can be found in the video, “Graham  , Hancock Atlantis and the Great World Flood,”  which appears on the Ancient TV channel.  , - So there's our familiar map of the world with  its familiar contours, but if you go back to the  , Last Glacial Maximum 21,000-odd years ago,  the world really does look quite different., - Just to bring you up to speed, the Last Glacial  Maximum is the most recent period of time that the  , Earth’s ice sheets were at their maximum extent.  It ran from about 31,000 to 16,000 years ago.  , It was about 6 degrees Celsius colder,  or 11 degrees Fahrenheit colder,  , on average back then. When the temp is colder  and there is more ice, the sea level is lower., - For example, there was no Red Sea. It was all  dry land. Nor was there any Arabian Gulf. It was  , all dry land as well. Australia was a much vaster  continent than it is today, and Southeast Asia,  , now an archipelago of islands, and the Malaysian  Peninsula was at that time a giant continent-sized  , landmass. All of the coastlines of the world  were extended much further than they are today., - I’m not so sure there was no Red Sea at all,  but yes, there definitely was more land back then.  , Now why is Hancock making this  point? The now submerged land  , is, for him, the location of possible lost cities., - And all together, 27 million  square kilometers, that's about 10  , million square miles, of land went  under the ocean when the sea levels  , rose. That's roughly the equivalent of the  size of Europe and China added together., - Okay, so here he is emphasizing  how much submerged land there is.  , How he got the figure of 27 million square  kilometers I do not know, but he seems to  , be talking about the amount of land that was  exposed at the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum  , compared to today. But why would he be doing  that? If we wanted to calculate the area of land  , that lost cities destroyed in a flood  12,000 years ago could have been sitting on,  , we would compare the sea level at  the time just before this flood  , with the sea level at the time just after. And I  can guarantee you that it would have been far less  , area than the figure he is giving you, because  the sea level has continued to rise until today.  , So I would classify his statement about 27  million square kilometers as misleading., - Now although the meltdown did take  place over 10,000 years, there were  , within it three or four major,  major episodes of flooding,  , when you could in some cases get as much as a  30-foot rise in sea level pretty much overnight., - These major episodes he is talking about  are called meltwater pulses. They refer to  , periods of time when ice was melting at a more  rapid rate than normal. Meltwater Pulse 1A,  , Meltwater Pulse 1B, and Meltwater Pulse 1C.  Meltwater Pulse 1C occurred about 8,000 years ago,  , long after the time that Hancock presumes a great  deluge to have occurred, so it can be set aside  , as not applicable. I investigated, and it turns  out that in neither of the other pulses was there  , a 30-foot rise in sea level overnight. Let’s take  a closer look. Meltwater Pulse 1A occurred around  , 14,600 years ago, when the sea level rose  between 16 and 25 meters, but this was over  , several centuries. The rate of sea level rise was  40-60 millimeters per year. Meltwater Pulse 1B  , occurred beginning around 11,500 years ago, during  which the sea rose 28 meters over 500 years,  , approximately 40 millimeters per year, though more  recent studies suggest it was about half that.  , So Hancock’s claim of 30 feet overnight  appears to be unsupported by evidence., - Now you have to consider what a  30 foot overnight rise in sea level  , would do to our civilization today,  , if it were to happen. I'm sure we've all seen  the horrific and troubling images of the tsunami  , in Japan, and we can see the catastrophe that  is unleashed by nature just by a temporary rise  , in sea level, so we have to imagine something  like that, but on a global scale and permanent,  , and consider what it did to our ancestors and  what effects it may have have had upon them., - Note how he is assuming not only that there  was a 30 foot rise in sea level overnight,  , but that it was like a tsunami. Don’t get me  wrong. There was a rise in sea level, and I am  , sure that when ice melted and fell into the sea,  it may have caused tsunamis from time to time.  , Tsunamis may have been caused by other  means too. But while a slow sea level  , rise would have been global, tsunamis are not a  global phenomenon. And they are not permanent.  , After a tsunami, the sea level returns to where  it was. So his comments here are misleading., - I don't believe it's an accident that there  are more than 2,000 flood myths pretty much  , all around the world, memories of a gigantic  global flood that almost wiped out mankind., - When he speaks of 2,000 flood myths, he can only  be referring to every single version out there,  , which includes versions of the same flood myth,  such as every time an ancient writer repeats  , the Greek story of the flood of Deucalion  or repeats the Mesopotamian flood story.  , There are not 2,000 different flood  myths. I think that’s worth clarifying.  , And flood myths are not from every part of the  world. Japan has none. Central Asia has none.  , Northern Europe had none before the Greeks and  Romans got there. Flood stories are extremely rare  , in Africa. This is kind of strange if you believe  that those places experienced a great flood  , 12,000 years ago. And the number that speak of  a worldwide flood are limited. So his statement  , that more than 2,000 flood myths remember  a gigantic global flood is misleading., - Most archeologists and historians are  not very impressed with flood myths,  , and they take the view that these were  little local events… perhaps a river flooded  , its banks… little local events, which were then  elaborated out by our superstitious ancestors, who  , imagined it was a global flood. But I find that a  completely unnecessary explanation, since we know  , that there was gigantic global flooding during  the 10,000 years at the end of the Ice Age,  , and it seems to me highly probable that the  world's legacy of flood myths are a memory  , of what happened at the end of the Ice Age., - Considering that major floods happen all the  time (we see them in the news, we have records of  , them happening all over the world going back for  as long as our records last), what do you think  , are the chances that every ancient flood  story, or even that a majority of them,  , no matter where we are in the world, refers  to the same flood? Many of these flood stories  , do NOT refer to a global flood. They’re just big  floods. And they differ considerably in detail.  , I would say the chances are low, wouldn’t you?, I mean, think about it. Early humans  almost invariably settled near water,  , whether that be the sea, lakes or rivers.  , People who live near water are bound to experience  floods, and probably fairly often. This happens  , even in modern times. In 1931 several rivers in  China overflowed and drowned more than a million  , people and caused millions more to suffer from  famine and disease. That’s something the people  , there are not going to forget. It will be  preserved in oral and written traditions., And we all know - we’ve experienced probably  many times in our lives - that people do like  , to embellish stories. It’s human to do so. Every  time Uncle Joe tells you about the fish he caught,  , it seems to get bigger. Each time grandpa  tells you about the Blizzard of ‘77,  , the snow mounds seem to get  higher. Mr. Hancock says  , that embellishment is an “unnecessary  explanation,” implying that it goes too far.  , He proposes instead that all these flood stories  are likely a memory of a single flood at the end  , of the Ice Age. It’s almost as if he thinks his  explanation is less far-fetched. But an extreme  , coincidence of that sort is not more believable  than saying humans are just acting human., - One of those flood myths was preserved  by Plato, and that's the myth of Atlantis., - For context, and to refresh our memories,  let’s take a look at the account of the  , destruction of Atlantis. Okay, so here Plato’s  character Critias is telling the story, and  , after describing a battle in which the Athenians  defeat the Atlanteans, he says, “But afterwards  , there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and  in a single day and night of misfortune all your  , warlike men (that’s the Athenian army) in a body  sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis  , in like manner disappeared in the depths of the  sea. For which reason the sea in those parts is  , impassable and impenetrable, because there is  a shoal of mud in the way; and this was caused  , by the subsidence of the island.” So the first  thing to note here is that earthquakes and  , floods are mentioned. So yes, I guess you can  call this a flood legend in a loose sense. The  , Athenian army sinks into the earth, presumably in  an earthquake, and the island of Atlantis sinks  , into the sea. The island is said to subside. What  that means is that it was the island that moved,  , not the sea. This is not a rising of the sea  level, but a sinking of Atlantis. It doesn’t  , fit very well with Hancock’s perception of  a flood caused by tsunamis or rising waters., - He said he got it through his family line from  the Greek lawmaker Solon, who had visited Egypt  , and had been told in Egypt of the existence of  high civilization in deep antiquity that had  , been destroyed in a global flood accompanied by  tremendous earthquakes and volcanic activities., - Mr. Hancock seems to be confused. It  is Critias, the speaker in the book,  , who says he was given the tale from his ancestor  Solon, not Plato. Plato never speaks personally  , in his books. It’s not until hundreds of years  later that people started saying Plato was related  , to Solon and that he received the story from him  personally. (One of those embellishments we were  , talking about earlier.) And the story of Atlantis  is never said to be global in Plato’s writings,  , and it cannot possibly be a global flood,  because Critias speaks of the city of Athens  , and the Egyptians as existing both before and  after the destruction. It’s just Atlantis that  , gets destroyed without a trace. So both of these  statements by Hancock are factually incorrect., But here is the interesting thing: Plato refers  to other flood legends. In ancient Greece,  , there were several, and Critias alludes to  this in Plato’s book the Critias, when he says,  , “Many great deluges have taken place during the  nine thousand years, for that is the number of  , years which have elapsed since the time of which I  am speaking.” He means the time of the war between  , Athens and Atlantis (which is not historical, by  the way). These deluges would include the Flood  , of Deucalion, sometimes called the Great Deluge,  and the Flood of Dardanus. And he says there were  , great floods prior to the destruction of Atlantis  too. He speaks of a flood that exposed the rock of  , the Acropolis in Athens, which he calls the  third flood before that of Deucalion. Yes,  , the Greeks had many deluges in their legends. In  Greek legend, it is the Flood of Deucalion that  , is said to have been worldwide. It was the big  one. So a question arises: In Plato’s writings,  , is the Flood of Deucalion the same  flood that destroyed Atlantis?, Let’s take a look at how Critias  introduces the Atlantis story.  , He quotes the Egyptians as saying to Solon: “In  the first place you remember a single deluge only  , (referring to Deucalion’s flood), but there were  many previous ones; in the next place, you do not  , know that there formerly dwelt in your land the  fairest and noblest race of men which ever lived,  , and that you and your whole city are descended  from a small seed or remnant of them which  , survived (survived Deucalion’s flood). And this  was unknown to you, because, for many generations,  , the survivors of that destruction died, leaving  no written word. For there was a time, Solon,  , before the great deluge of all, when the  city which now is Athens was first in war  , and in every way the best governed of all cities,  is said to have performed the noblest deeds and  , to have had the fairest constitution of any of  which tradition tells, under the face of heaven.”, So he is saying here that prior to the  Great Deluge Athens was inhabited by  , a noble race of men, and they fought with  Atlantis. But the fact that he tells Solon  , that there were many deluges before the great one  and then relates the Atlantis tale suggests that  , the flood that destroyed Atlantis is one that  happened before the great one. In other words,  , he is giving Solon a story of an earlier  deluge. This earlier deluge was not worldwide,  , as is evidenced by the survival not  only of Athens, even if battered,  , but also the Egyptians themselves.  It is not the flood of Deucalion., - And this civilization, Plato  said, was globally distributed,  , although focused on an island which  he appeared to locate in the Atlantic., - So I went and double checked this, suspecting  this to be inaccurate, and it turns out that  , nowhere in Plato does it say that the civilization  of Atlantis was globally distributed. Instead,  , Critias says that it “had rule over the whole  island and several others, and over parts  , of the continent, and, furthermore, the men of  Atlantis had subjected the parts of Libya within  , the columns of Heracles as far as Egypt, and  of Europe as far as Tyrrhenia [western Italy].”  , That is not anywhere near global. So we have  to classify this claim as factually incorrect., - And he said that, in a single  terrible day and night, it was utterly,  , utterly obliterated, and that  mankind was forced to begin again  , like children with no memory of what went before,  that we were indeed a species with amnesia., - He seems to be referring to a conversation  that Plato composed for his book The Laws  , between Clinias and an unnamed Athenian.  , But in this dialogue, the deluge  they refer to is the great deluge,  , and therefore the Flood of Deucalion. Hancock  again incorrectly connects it with Atlantis., - The flood myth is found in India, where we have  the Indian Noah figure Manu, who is preserved by  , the god Vishnu to repopulate the planet. much in  the way that Noah does in our Western flood story., - There are similarities between the Indian  flood legend and the ones found in the Near East,  , including the biblical account. The  earliest Indian version appears in a Late  , Vedic text called the Śatapatha brāhmaṇa,  which dates to the 7th or 6th century BCE.  , It’s also found in the Mahabharata and the Matsya  purāṇa. The similarities with the Near Eastern  , versions include the building of a ship by the  protagonist, the bringing on board of animals  , and/or seeds of life, the landing on a high  mountain, and the performing of a sacrifice  , at the end. Also that the flood was worldwide.  Modern scholars generally agree that there is  , some borrowing going on, either from Mesopotamia  to India or vice versa. But we should note that  , there is no similarity between the Indian  flood legend and the legend of Atlantis., - And in Greece it's the story of Deucalion and  Pyrrha, who ride out the flood in a huge box,  , and again their role is to repopulate the  earth and to re-establish civilization., - What is interesting about the flood legend  of Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha is that in  , the earliest extant versions, such as we find  in Plato, it is said that Deucalion and Pyrrha  , survived a destructive deluge, but there is no  mention of it being a worldwide flood or of them  , building a boat or a chest to survive it, bringing  animals on board, and landing on a mountain until  , Roman times. Those features were put into the  story later, after the Bible had been translated  , into Greek and the story of Noah was well-known  to the Greeks. So that raises the possibility  , that the Greco-Roman legend was influenced by the  biblical account in later times. In other words,  , the Deucalion legend, in its later forms, cannot  be said to be a wholly independent tradition., - Similar stories have come down  from the ancient Maya, who spoke of  , cyclical destructions and rebirths of earth,  and indeed the Aztec civilization as well., - We have a similar phenomenon going on with  the Maya flood myths as we have with Greece.  , All of our extant accounts of Maya flood myths  come from a time after Christian missionaries  , began their work in Mesoamerica, teaching the  Maya the Bible. In fact, a number of the Maya  , flood stories have clear biblical references  in them. It is probably true that there were  , earlier versions of Maya flood myths that  preceded the ones we currently know about,  , but their similarity to the biblical account then  would have been minimal, the main story simply  , being that the gods destroyed people in a flood  during the time of creation. That’s about it., This image, which Hancock displays in his  presentation, is supposed to be of an ancient Maya  , stone frieze. It is not a photo, but a drawing  in a modern Maya revival art style not seen on  , ancient Maya monuments. It first appeared in a  book on Atlantis by Robert Stacy-Judd, who was  , himself an illustrator. Not only has the frieze  never been seen by anyone, but this picture of it  , is the only one in existence. It is safe to  conclude it came from Stacy-Judd’s imagination., - And of course, we all know the Noah story from  the from the Bible. Now it's well accepted by  , scholars that the Noah story is simply a later  recension of an earlier story that came from  , Sumer, from Mesopotamia, the land that we now call  Iraq, and that story is the epic of Gilgamesh., - Scholars are of the opinion, not that  the biblical version drew directly from  , the Epic of Gilgamesh, but that  both go back to an earlier source., All of the stories about a great deluge in the  Near East share common features. In Mesopotamia,  , we have the Sumerian versions featuring Ziudsura,  recorded in the 18th and 17th centuries BCE,  , and the Assyrian and Babylonian version preserved  in the eleventh tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh  , featuring Utnapishtim. We also have an alternate  Assyro-Babylonian version starring Atrahasis. Then  , there’s a version told by Berossos, a 3rd century  BCE Babylonian priest, which is based on some of  , these earlier traditions. The similarities  show that there is a relation between them., But while three specific regions of the world,  namely, the Near East, South Asia, and Classical  , Greece, which neighbored each other, have flood  stories that share a unique set of features,  , it would be incorrect to say (as it is often said)  that all Flood stories of the world are similar,  , or have much in common. Sometimes in these  stories the Deluge is described simply as a  , first stage in the creation of the world;  sometimes a god sends a flood in order to  , destroy the first race of humans, or to punish  some animal for its misbehavior; or the flood  , may be sent without any reason at all. And  humans try to save their lives in different  , ways - climbing up mountains or trees, floating on  the water in a hollow pumpkin or in a wooden box.  , There are plenty of versions and combinations  of various motifs and themes, many of these  , natural products of the human psyche. And it seems  quite clear that the reason why the Near East,  , India, and Greece share similar flood stories is  because of influence between them, that is, oral  , or literary influence. Stories were passed between  the peoples in the area. So they cannot be said  , to be independent witnesses to a specific event,  which is what Mr. Hancock is suggesting they are., - And therefore it's interesting, I think,  to look at what happened in the Arabian Gulf,  , the region from which the Epic of  Gilgamesh comes, to look at what  , happened in the Arabian Gulf at the end of the  Ice Age. This, of course, is the Gulf today,  , and this is how it looked during the last Ice  Age. That is not an inlet of the sea there.  , That is a large river system, combining the  streams of the Tigris and the Euphrates,  , which had a series of very fertile  lakes running along its length,  , all of which was flooded in one gigantic incident  approximately 12,000 years ago. So I'm not at all  , surprised that a powerful memory of a cataclysmic  flood is preserved in the epic of Gilgamesh., - I can’t help but note how Hancock looks  here at a map of the sea level 12,000 years  , ago and assumes it was caused by a cataclysm,  when all we are looking at is the sea level,  , which rose to this position gradually over  time. There is no evidence for a gigantic  , incident in the Arabian gulf at that time,  at least none that I have been able to find.  , If you can find evidence for a cataclysm in the  Arabian Gulf at that time, please let me know.  , Until then I have to identify his  statement as unsupported by evidence., - Same is true with the Aborigines of Australia.  We can see Australia today, and Australia as it  , looked during the last Ice Age. Clearly a huge  amount of land has been swallowed up by the sea,  , and Aborigine myths remember this time and speak  of a great flood serpents that ate up the land., - The Australian flood myths bear  little resemblance to any of the  , other flood myths of the world, and no  resemblance at all to the Atlantis legend.  , So I can see no justification for assuming it  refers to the same event as any of the others., We have to ask ourselves: how can we  determine whether it is more likely  , that the world’s flood legends  all go back to a single event  , or that they are based on different floods that  have occurred through history? Well, if there are  , significant and unique features of the stories  that tie them together, then we could say that  , they go back to a common source, whether that be  an event or a literary or oral source. How many  , significant and unique features do the  flood legends around the world have?, Destruction by water is not a unique enough  feature, because for any major flood event  , you’d have that, no matter where you are in  the world or when it was. This will feature  , in 100% of cases. The sparing of human life also  is not unique enough, because if everybody died,  , there would be no-one left to tell the tale. Every  flood story by necessity must have survivors.  , How about divine causation? Since in ancient  times, every natural disaster of any kind was  , attributed to the work of the gods, this is not  a unique or special feature of the story either., Without those features: destruction by water,  the existence of survivors, and divine causation,  , we can no longer say that the flood  stories around the world are linked,  , because I have found that there are no  other features that tie them all together.  , There are a number of them that describe a  flood as worldwide, but this is rarer than  , you think. And when it is part of the story of the  creation of the world, as in the Maya tradition,  , it is to be expected. There are some that depict  survivors having used a waterborne vessel,  , but this also is more uncommon than you think.  Plus it is also hardly surprising. How many  , different ways are there to survive a flood? In  a few tales, survivors climb up to higher ground  , or they take refuge in tree tops, and as you might  expect, in a few they use something that floats., The flood stories that do share some  unique features that tie them together  , come from areas in contact with one  another. The stories were being shared., - As I say, I'm not surprised that we have  these myths. I do believe we are a species with  , amnesia and the myths are part of our memory  of a huge part of our story that we’ve lost., The idea that a legend could have some basis  in historical fact in itself has some merit.  , But what Hancock proposes, namely, that the flood  legends around the world, with all their notable  , differences, refer to the same event, seems  extremely far-fetched to me. And his proposal that  , they refer to an event 12,000 years ago, which  does not fit any of the world’s flood legends,  , also seems highly improbable. The only real link  he has with any legend is the one about Atlantis,  , because even though the disaster it describes  does not fit what happened 12,000 years ago,  , Critias dates it to around that time, give or take  a century. The problem is that other flood stories  , give different dates. The Flood of Deucalion,  the worldwide deluge of Greek tradition,  , was dated to around 1528 BCE by the Parian  Chronicle, the first known text to give it  , an exact date. The biblical flood is dated  to the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE.  , The Sumerian king list gives a  date well over 30,000 years ago.  , The Indian Manu flood is dated even older than  that. But Hancock wants to use Plato’s dating,  , which isn’t even in regard to the worldwide  deluge. Nothing fits. So sadly, research has shown  , that this portion of Hancock’s presentation is not  only naively hopeful, but is full of inaccuracies,  , sketchy reasoning, unsupported claims, and  misleading comments. And because he is so popular,  , and people have repeated his statements many  times, I felt it was a good candidate for analysis  , here in the Myths of Ancient History series. If  you liked this video or learned anything from it,  , please give it a like. Thank you for watching. You might like my little e-booklet,  , "Why Ancient History Matters. It's designed to  persuade people that the subject is important,  , even in the modern world. You might also  wish to use it to help spread the word,  , so feel free to share it with someone you  know. It's free for anyone who wants it. I've  , left the link in the description box below the  video for you to grab a copy. Catch you later!

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